Norton Mine Storage System Performance Analysis Program Description
					Predicted	Performance
Scientific	Goal of	Work		Key Data	Range of	Confidence	Results of
Process Task	Task	Activities	Data Base	Values	Key Data Values	Level	Our Study
Define Physics	1. Define the geometry	1. Initial Site Inspection	1. Site Observations	1. Rock Permeability	100 millidarcy	Reservoir 50%	Rock mass appear tight.
of System &	of the storage vessel.	2. Literature Review	2. PPG Mine Reports	2. Hydraulic Gradient	0.4 to 0.53 psi/ft.		Only minor seeps into mine.
Develop Conceptual	2. Determine key design	3. Analog CAES Systems	3. Consultants Experience	3. CAES Operating Pressures	1000 to 1,800 psi
Storage System	principals.			4. Rock Strength	Young's Modulus=7.97 x 106 #/sq./in.	Rock Integrity 60%	Rock mass intact.
Model	3. Develop Conceptual				Modulus of Rigidity=3.64 x 106 #/sq. in.		No visible sapling or
	Storage System Model				Specific damping Capacity=0.035		stress fractures.
					Poisson's Ratio= 0.17		Rock bust due to over shots.
					Velocity of Sound= 15,400 ft/sec.
Parametric System	1. Parametric Reservoir	1. TOUGH2 Reservoir Model	1. Site Observations	1. Rock Strength	LIMESTONE.	Rock Integrity 80%	Rock deformation at 1830 psi
Feasibility Evaluation	Model to Estimate Ranges	2. TOUGH2 Shaft Plug Model	2. PPG Mine Reports		Unit weight = 26 KN/m3		within elastic range  of rock.
	of air losses.	3. Plaxis Model of Mine	3. Consultants Experience		Cohesion = 10,000 Kpa		Largest deformation in area of
	2.  Parametric Finite Element	Room & Pillar System	4. 2 Core Permeability Tests		Angle of Internal Friction = 35 degrees		shaft corners.  Minor plastic
	Rock Integrity Stress	4. Plaxis Model of Shaft	5. 1 Air Humidity		Young’s Modulus of Elasticity = 47,000 Mpa		deformation range stress.
	Model to determine rock	Plug System	Permeability Calculation		Poisson’s Ratio = 0.19
	failure potential.				SHALE
					Unit weight = 24 KN/m3
					Cohesion = 10,000 Kpa
					Angle of Internal Friction = 27 degrees
					Young’s Modulus of Elasticity = 14,000 Mpa
					Poisson’s Ratio = 0.20
				2. Permeability Model	Shale and Limestone Matrix= 50 nD	Reservoir 60%	No air loss w/only matrix
					Upper Sandstone= 10 mD		permeability. 6 meters penetration.
					Upper Glacial Till= 1000 mD		Air reaches surface w/1 darcy
					Fracture Reservoir Rock= 0 to 100 mD		fracture permeability.  Air would
					Fracture Density 1 m spacing		essentially be none detectable at
				3. CAES Operating Pressures	1000 to 2,000 psi		surface.
				4. Hydraulic Gradient	0.53 psi/ft.		It would be raining inside the mine
							if fractured permeability was 1 darcy
							on 1 meter fracture spacing.
Verify Model	1. Collect Actual Reservoir	1. Geological survey &	1. Site observation of rock	1. Gross Rock Permeability	There is a 10% chance of finding a	Rock Integrity 95%	Our rock integrity testing can
Parameters	& Rock Property Data.	map of mine perimeter.	discontinuities & orientation.		significant fracture discontinuity in the rock.		provide very accurate rock
	2. Find Week Leak In Storage	2. Borehole air permeability	2. Matrix +fracture air perm.	2. Rock Permeability at point	Core determined permeability values should		property data that appears not to
	System.	testing.	@2,000 psi @ 15 locations.	locations.	be within 10% of existing core data.		vary a great deal over the area of
	3. Collect essential shaft plug	3. Core permeability testing	3. 20 matrix permeability's.	3. Small scale rock perm.	Matrix + core determined permeability		the mine.
	design data for A&E firm,	4. Geophysical permeability	4. Rock porosity, permeability,	4. Change in water saturation	values should be within 30% of existing data.
	e.g. micro fracture depth.	logging (porosity, saturation).	& water saturation @ 5 locations.	from mine walks,	Rock strength data should be within 20%	Reservoir 80%	Our reservoir permeability testing
		5. Large scale humidity	5. Matrix + fracture air perm.	5. Very large scale perm.	of PPG reported values.		for the most part is near field.  We
		permeability calculations.	over large section of mine.	estimates.	We anticipate a 30% increase in rock		are only sampling a small portion
		6. Microscopic fracture analysis.	6. Measure microfracture size in cores.	6. Interconnectivity of	strength properties used for finite element		of the total mine surface area.  A
		7. X-ray diffraction analysis	7. Chemical composition of rock.	granular pore spaces.	modeling.		careful analysis of results will be
		8. Triaxial Compression Testing.	8. Rock strength properties.	7. Clay minerals & iron key	We anticipate the micro-fracture zone		needed to assure we didn't miss the
		9. Resonant Column Testing.	9. Anisotropic character of rock.	components.	around the shaft will be with 3 meters of		week link in the rock.  Because we
		10. In-situ Modulus Analysis.	10. Undisturbed rock strength properties.	8. We have no Triaxial data.	the shaft walls.		can't see beyond the surface of the
		11. In-situ Stress Analysis.	11. Undisturbed stress field in mine.	9. We have no Resonant	We anticipate our reservoir air loss model		mine (except at 5 test locations)
		12. Cross-hole geophysics.	12. Bulk rock strength properties .	column data.	will be between our Case 1 and 2 models:		we can only be 80% certain air
				10.  In-situ modulus within	No air loss to the surface after 30 years.		leakage will be greater than 5% of
				20% of PPG reported values.	Air should penetrate  the caprock by 200 m.		total reservoir volume.
				11.  In-situ stress field within
				20% of PPG reported values.
				12.  Bulk strength within
				20% of PPG reported values.
System Performance	1. Calculate air loss using	1. TOUGH2 Reservoir Model	(See Verify Model Parameters)	(See Verify Model Parameters)	No new data generation	Rock Integrity 95%	We anticipate the Plaxis model
Analysis	measured permeability	2. TOUGH2 Shaft Plug Model	No new data.	No new data			will confirm mine performance.
	values.	3. Plaxis Model of Mine
	2. Analysis mine integrity	Room & Pillar System				Reservoir 85%	We anticipate the TOUGH2 model
	using measure rock	4. Plaxis Model of Shaft					will confirm acceptable air loss.
	properties.	Plug System
	3. Complete the characterization
	of the shafts for plug design.